Part2

Read the text and answer the questions below.

Good Parenting

A

Raising a baby may, at first, appear to be a highly personal, intimate affair between child and caregiver. In fact, there are often very public battles over every facet of child care, however: Breastfeeding or bottle-feeding? Breastfeeding in public? Toilet training – when and how? Nothing escapes judgment or scrutiny. Restlessness and crying at bedtime are no different, and three different schools of thought have emerged around how parents should respond to this problem. These have been called extinction, attachment parenting, and graduated extinction.

B

Attachment parenting, a term coined by pediatrician William Sears, suggests that children form powerful emotional bonds with caregivers during early childhood that have implications for their development through life. The basis for this theory was generated within the field of developmental psychology during the 1950s when researcher John Bowlby proposed that maternal deprivation during infancy could decrease a person’s ability to form healthy adult relationships years later. Attachment parenting seeks to avoid this tendency by placing great importance on childhood bonding through the caregiver’s holding and cuddling of her baby when he is upset. Attachment parenting also suggests that babies’ ability to communicate their requirements is limited to crying and that parents need to learn to understand different types of crying signals. No crying is considered superfluous – even if the baby merely wants to be comforted rather than fall asleep – caregivers are encouraged to affirm these desires.

C

The extinction method proposes that, so long as a baby has had adequate calorie intake during the day, he or she can reasonably be expected to maintain nocturnal somnolence. The core postulates of this approach were laid down by Emmett Holt but they have been extrapolated upon by authors such as Warwick Reilly and further adapted recently by Melinda Collins to form the extinction method of today. Caregivers are encouraged to develop a gentle evening routine that involves feeding 45 minutes before bed, bathing, dressing and laying the baby in his sleeping sack, walking out and closing the door, and remaining out of the child’s presence until dawn even if he cries for extended periods of time. It is expected that sooner or later children will realize that crying is ineffective and that they must learn to comfort themselves into slumber.

D

Graduated extinction is a modulated version of the extinction method. It postulates that a process of learning needs to be undertaken in order for children to sleep through the night. Richard Ferber, the doctor who popularized this method in the 1980s, emphasized the progressive withdrawal of the caregiver’s company with the child in bed as a way to solve infant sleep problems. At first, for example, the caregiver is encouraged to hold and caress the baby until he or she is asleep. Once this routine is established, the caregiver should lie down next to the baby but touch it less and less until the baby can sleep without contact. Eventually, the caregiver can sit on a chair nearby, and finally, it is hoped that he or she can retreat from the room altogether. The key to this approach is that the caregiver must never capitulate to a child’s demands for comfort if he starts to become restless or vocal as the method unfolds over time.

E

Doing so is said to let the baby know that he does not need to learn to sleep through the night without comfort or interaction, and also to lessen the chances that the caregiver will complete the program, knowing that a ‘quick fix’ is available. Ferber has since altered his stance to acknowledge the acceptability of co-sleeping and suggests that there is no single method or golden rule for overcoming sleep difficulties.

Questions 27-30

Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer: Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27 The phrase ‘attachment parenting’ was invented by a __________. 28 The principles of attachment parenting are derived from the discipline of __________. 29 The key points of the ‘extinction’ school of thought originated from the work of __________. 30 Dr. Ferber initially thought the parent should not spend the night with the child but now thinks __________ is all right.

Questions 31-35

Look at the following statements (Questions 31-35) and the methods in the box below. Match each statement with the correct parenting method A-C. Write the appropriate letter A-C in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once

Methods: attachment parenting extinction graduated extinction

31 After a strict bedtime schedule, the child is unattended till morning.

32 All crying is a vocalization of important needs.

33 Caregiver presence as the child drifts to sleep should decrease over time.

34 The emphasis is on the physical closeness between baby and caregiver at any time.

35 Well-fed babies should sleep through the night.

Questions 36-40

Complete the notes below: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

Attachment Parenting

very stressful as parents have to give in to 36 __________ of the baby but not yet any 37 __________ to show that it works

Extinction Method

a good night’s sleep is attained by family members because the baby is 38 __________ and but can lead to 39 __________ such as despair & unhappiness later in life