Part 1

Read the text and answer the questions below.

Cranberry fruit

A

The story of a unique North American crop

Cranberries are among the few fruits native to North America that have been grown commercially for centuries. These small, crimson berries thrive only in very unique environmental conditions, particularly soil that is both sandy and acidic. Such terrain lets water pass through easily while still retaining enough moisture for the plants’ shallow roots. Since ordinary farmland cannot provide that delicate balance, cranberries are generally cultivated in low-lying areas called bogs. These natural basins, bordered by gentle ridges, allow growers to regulate water levels accurately. This setup creates a growing environment quite different from that required by most other fruit crops.

B

Many bogs now used for cranberry farming were formed thousands of years ago when retreating glaciers carved deep hollows known as kettle ponds. Over time, these basins became lined with layers of sand and clay, producing a natural filtration system that keeps many pollutants out of the water. The clay bottom acts as a protective barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the pond and preserving the clean water essential for healthy root systems. Such geological conditions, combined with delicate natural control of water, have made kettle-pond sites especially well suited to this crop.

C

Long before the arrival of European settlers, the Wampanoag people made practical use of the berry in several ways. The fruit’s sharp taste lent itself to preservation techniques; communities developed methods of drying and combining cranberries with other foods to extend their shelf life during months when fresh plants were scarce. These practices resulted in compact foodstuffs suited for consumption in colder seasons. In addition to dietary uses, the Wampanoag also employed the berry in first-aid treatments. crushed fruit was applied to cuts and minor wounds, reflecting a practical knowledge of its cleansing properties.

D

When Europeans first arrived in the seventeenth century, they found cranberries in many coastal bogs and quickly took note of their usefulness. Rather than attempting to transplant European varieties, the newcomers adapted the native species already adapted to regional conditions. Colonists used the fruit as preserves and beverages and valued it for its nutritional contributions during winter voyages and inland journeys. Over time, cranberries were assimilated into colonial cookery and became associated with holiday traditions in North America. In the early nineteenth century, the shift from gathering wild berries to planned cultivation accelerated thanks to local experimentation. One Massachusetts grower, Captain Henry Hall, observed that windblown sand reaching his bogs improved fruit quality and yield. He began deliberately applying sand to his plots and found that the practice changed both soil texture and pest incidence for the better. Hall’s practice of controlling the land and surface materials was an important step toward systematic cranberry farming.

E

Cranberry cultivation follows a seasonal routine that links such operations to weather patterns. In winter farmers often choose to flood the bogs, forming a protective layer that freezes and insulates the vines from extreme cold and drying winds. On the frozen surface, sand is sometimes scattered so that, when thawed, the particles sink into the bed and improve overall drainage, encouraging fresh shoots to establish. To reduce disease risk and improve crop vigour, farmers also remove trees and scrub beside the bogs so that air can move through the site more freely and humidity is kept low.

F

With the coming of spring the frozen cover is managed and water levels are adjusted, controlled water applications may be used at vulnerable times to shield budding shoots from sudden frosts. During this phase growers perform routine maintenance on channels, pumps and irrigation lines and take steps to reduce pest pressure before the plants enter full growth. By early summer the vines are active and the focus shifts toward encouraging the fruit matures evenly. Farmers inspect bogs for any sign of weed emergence that would compete with the crop for nutrients and light, removing unwanted promptly to protect potential yields.

G

As autumn nears, ripening fruit signals the approach of harvest. In many operations the bogs are flooded again so that the buoyant berries float and can be separated from the vines, easing collection. Although mechanical aids and modern equipment have changed some details of the work, the overall system continues to depend on balancing soil, water and human management. From the Wampanoag’s early practical uses to the innovations of later growers, cranberry culture remains rooted in careful attention and careful control of a unique landscape.

Questions 1–7

Choose TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, choose FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, or choose NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

1 The cranberry requires a specific soil type to enable it to grow successfully. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN

2 A layer of clay protects kettle ponds from harmful substances which could affect the water quality. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN

3 In the past, the Wampanoag people had to consume most cranberries shortly after picking them. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN

4 The Wampanoag people took advantage of the medicinal properties of cranberries. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN

5 The first settlers in North America brought European varieties of cranberry with them when they arrived. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN

6 Captain Hall tried growing other fruit crops before cultivating cranberries. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN

7 It took a long time for Captain Hall’s methods of cultivation to become popular among other cranberry producers. ☐ TRUE ☐ FALSE ☐ NOT GIVEN