版本1：

Part 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Maori Fish Hooks

A Maori fish hooks, made from wood, bone, stone and flax, are intended to have the best possible design and function. The hooks are designed to target specific species with precision. In the industry of commercial long-line fishing, there are some Maori hook designs that are making a splash.

B When Polynesians first came to New Zealand sometime between AD 1100–1300, they didn’t have the technology necessary to melt and manipulate metal from ore. Meanwhile, fish were the settlers’ main food source, so fishermen made their hooks and fishing gear out of wood, bone, stone and shells. Other plants native to New Zealand, such as flax (harakeke), cabbage tree (ti), and astelia (kiekie), provided the necessary fibrous material to make fishing-lines and nets of greater or equal strength to the jute used by Europeans at the time. Metal is more malleable and can be shaped in various ways, whereas natural materials are limited in the forms they can take; the Maori fish hooks needed to be innovative in overcoming these limitations.

C Early European explorers who settled and explored New Zealand claimed that Maori hooks, known as matau, were “odd”, “of doubtful efficacy”, “very clumsy affairs”, or “impossible looking”. Archaeologists from recent times have also described the round hook as odd, with comments such as “shaped in a manner which makes it very difficult to imagine could ever be effective in catching a fish”. William Anderson, who was aboard the Resolution during Cook’s third voyage in 1777 as the ship’s surgeon, remarked that the Maori “live chiefly by fishing, making use … of wooden fish hooks pointed with bone, but so oddly made that a stranger is at a loss to know how they can answer such a purpose.”

D The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa conducted a study on Maori fish hooks 230 years later and demonstrated that the unique hook design was a matter of function. The hook’s design allowed it to catch fish by spinning away from the direction of the point and catching their jaws, instead of poking a hole through the fish or being used as a lever, as some archaeologists had suggested. It appears that the design of the Maori fish hook is perhaps the world’s most efficiently and masterfully designed, likely superior to any modern metal fish hook today.

E To make larger hooks, Maori used shanks made of strong wood, with stout points made of bone or shell. They tied tree branches and saplings together to grow them into ideal shapes for building, then harvested the plants when they reached the appropriate size. They hardened wood by carefully drying it and burying it underground with fires lit above. Human bone was often used for bone points, which were securely lashed to a groove at the end of the shank using pre-made flax materials (muka). When they wanted to catch larger species like sharks, groper and ling, they used composite hooks. However, on average, the traditional hook was usually no longer than a three-finger breadth (128 mm in length).

F To capture seabirds for food and feathers, like albatross, the islanders used slender hooks that can be differentiated from other hooks intended for fish by their lighter build and lack of an in-turned point. Many of these hooks were collected by early explorers, suggesting that seabird catching with hook and line was an important source of food and feathers for the Maori (105 mm in length). Slender hooks with wide gaps were used to capture albatross and other seabirds and can be distinguished from fish hooks by their lighter construction and absence of an in-turned point. Early explorers collected many of these hooks, which could indicate that catching seabirds provided significant amounts of food and feathers for the Maori.

G The Maori quickly adopted new materials once they became available through European explorers, sealers and whalers who began arriving towards the end of the 1700s. At this point, the Maori were still making their fish hooks but were now using metals and imported materials. Wooden and flax components of old, abandoned fish hooks decomposed quickly as traditional hooks were discarded in favour of new ones. Tools made of luxury materials such as ivory or greenstone may have been kept as decorative items, with stylised Maori fish hooks today serving as a symbol of cultural revitalisation.

H The Maori continued to recreate traditional designs even as new materials became available, preferring hook shapes introduced by Pakeha in the 1800s. By maintaining the tradition of the rotating hook design, they remained connected to an essential part of their cultural heritage. In the end, however, mass-produced European metal hooks eventually dominated, making it difficult to continue crafting hooks from nails, horseshoes and other metal objects. Eventually, traditional designs fell out of favour.

I By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tourist and collector demand for Maori artefacts had grown, leading manufacturers to produce large quantities of forged hooks. These replicas were then traded with both Maori and Europeans as forgeries of the real thing, sometimes directly commissioned by artefact dealers. Fake hooks can be identified by their cheap construction, inconsistent materials, rudimentary lashings, odd or overly elaborate decorative carvings, and the absence of in-turned points or angled grooves used to attach the fishing-line properly.

J The evolution of matau throughout history symbolises how the Maori have adapted to European tools, materials and technology over time. It also reflects how European influence contributed to, rather than completely replaced, traditional Maori skills, as native materials were replaced or complemented by metals and, more recently, artificial materials. Today, commercial long-line fishermen around the world have begun using the circle-hook design—one that is nearly identical in appearance and function to the traditional matau. It appears that the advantages and improved catch-rates of this Maori technology have once again been recognised.

Questions 1–8

The reading passage has ten paragraphs labelled A-J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1–8 on your answer sheet.

题号	题干
1	Instruction on how to recognise authentic Maori hooks from counterfeit ones
2	A description of a different type of hooks that are not used to catch fish
3	An acknowledgement that Maori design and craftsmanship are still relevant in the modern world

题号	题干
4	An investigation into how the hooks functioned so effectively
5	A description of how modern technology began to dominate and eventually took over from traditional hook construction
6	A list of raw materials used to construct hooks

题号	题干
7	An outline of how different styles of hooks and types of materials were employed to catch larger fish
8	An account of how the Maori employed new technology and adapted it

Questions 9–13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9–13 on your answer sheet, write.

9The early European settlers quickly understood how the Maori fish hook worked.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

10The hook works by making a hole and embedding itself in the mouth of the fish.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

11The Maoris catch seabirds by their feet.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

12There used to be a demand for Maori fish hooks and many counterfeit ones were produced.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

13Today European-style hooks have completely replaced the traditional styles used by the Maoris.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

版本2：

Part 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on the reading passage 1 below.

Traditional Māori fishing hooks

(A) The discovery of ancient fishing hooks in New Zealand has revealed that the Māori people were remarkably skilled at crafting highly effective tools for catching fish. These hooks, often made from organic materials such as bone or shell, functioned with surprising precision, even when compared to modern alternatives. However, for many centuries, their true purpose was misunderstood by researchers and collectors alike. Many assumed these intricately shaped hooks served only decorative, ceremonial, or ritualistic purposes due to their unusual appearance and craftsmanship. Ironically, in recent years, engineers and product designers have turned to modern technologies – such as 3D scanning and computer-aided manufacturing – to recreate these hooks. These reproductions, now made using high-tech materials, replicate the original Māori designs that were created over a millennium ago.

(B) When the Māori first arrived in New Zealand from the Pacific Islands, they encountered an environment rich in natural resources. They quickly adapted by using familiar materials such as bones and stones to make their fishing hooks and began practicing intensive agriculture. Their fishing lines and nets, made from native plants like flax and cabbage trees, proved just as strong – if not stronger – than those used by Europeans, which were typically made from hemp. Although the structure of the Māori hooks was highly efficient for catching fish, their form was somewhat limited. This was because the materials they had access to could not be forged or bent like metal, thus restricting the range of shapes the hooks could take.

(C) More than 230 years after the Māori settled, Europeans landed in New Zealand and began exploring the land. As they moved through the region, they came across various local fishing tools, including the Māori hooks. Despite their effectiveness, many Europeans viewed the tools with skepticism. They considered them awkward and ineffective, failing to recognize the ingenuity of the designs. Even modern archaeologists sometimes share this view, finding the hooks odd and questioning their efficiency. In 1777, however, William Anderson made an observation that challenged this view. He noted that although the hooks looked unconventional, the Māori had already developed advanced methods of intensive farming – evidence of their broader ingenuity. Still, the unusual appearance of the hooks overshadowed how successful they truly were.

(D) Recent research conducted by Victoria University has revealed that Māori fishing hooks functioned quite differently from those used by Europeans. Rather than piercing directly like a standard hook, Māori hooks worked by rotating the fish away from the point and catching it securely under the jaw. This rotational mechanism proved remarkably effective in practice. Unlike the lever-based mechanisms common in European designs, the Māori hooks employed a unique principle that required neither barbs nor baiting in the same manner, showcasing a distinctly original approach to fishing.

(E) After the 1700s, Māori craftsmen began using new materials introduced by Europeans, such as metals. However, they did not abandon their traditional designs. Instead, they incorporated the new materials into the same forms they had long used. As bones and stones fell out of use, hooks made from traded metals became more common. Some artisans even used rare and valuable materials like ivory or greenstone, crafting hooks that were later taken into luxury markets and sold as jewelry, blurring the line between utility and art.

(F) Following the 1800s, Europe began exporting mass-produced hooks to New Zealand. These items were cheaper and quickly gained popularity among local users. Despite their affordability, the production of traditional Māori hooks declined due to the nails and other metallic materials required, which were difficult to manipulate without specialized tools. In the early 1900s, however, interest in Pacific culture grew, and collectors began to seek out original Māori fishing hooks once again. This renewed attention turned the hooks into coveted antique items. Unfortunately, the demand also led to a wave of imitations—many of the hooks appearing on the market today are fake, though they can usually be identified by their inconsistent design and materials.

(G) The Māori did not only adapt their fishing hooks through European influence but also modified other traditional items using both metals and more recently, synthetic plastic. Importantly, these changes were often adaptations rather than complete replacements, preserving core aspects of Māori design. What is perhaps most remarkable is that many hooks found on boats in New Zealand today still bear a striking resemblance to the ancient forms crafted hundreds of years ago, a testament to the enduring utility and brilliance of traditional Māori design.

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write.

1People have mistaken opinions about fishing hooks’ functions.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

2Fishing is more difficult in New Zealand than Pacific islands.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

3Māoris use new materials to build hooks after they arrived New Zealand.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

4Māoris’ hooks are limited in forms because of the material limitation it used.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

5The fishing line of Māoris is worse than the European.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

6Europeans are given fishing hooks as a gift from local Māoris.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

7According to William Anderson, Māoris have already engaged in crop growing.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

8Hooks of Māoris are functioned in the same way to the hooks of European.

TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN

Questions 9-13

Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

How hooks changed after Europeans arrived

After 1700s

They abandoned their previous hooks.
Some valued hooks are made into 9 ______.

After 1800s

Mass production makes production cheaper and Māoris import more.
The difficulty associated with the material like 10 ______ and other metals makes the hooks production less.