Part 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Biotechnology’s Third Wave

A For most of its history, biotechnology was associated with medicine and agriculture. Its first wave brought drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests; its second wave produced genetically modified crops and improved varieties of plants. A third wave, however, is now moving beyond hospitals and farms into factories, mines, paper mills and even clothing manufacturers. Instead of using heat, pressure and harsh chemicals to make products, this new form of biotechnology uses living systems, especially enzymes and microorganisms, to perform industrial tasks. Supporters argue that this change could be as important for manufacturing as steam power or electricity once were.

B The central agents in this third wave are enzymes, natural proteins that speed up chemical reactions. In the human body, enzymes help digest food, repair cells and release energy. In industry, the same basic principle can be used to break down starch, clean fibres, remove stains or convert plant material into useful substances. The advantage is that enzymes are highly specific: each one tends to perform only one type of reaction. This means that a factory can achieve a desired result with fewer unwanted by-products than traditional chemical processes usually produce.

C Enzymes are not new to industry. For decades, they have been added to washing powders to remove grease and protein stains at lower temperatures. They are also used in cheese-making, brewing and baking. What is new is the scale and precision with which they can now be designed. By studying the structure of natural enzymes and altering the genes of microorganisms, scientists can produce enzymes that remain active in unusual conditions, such as extreme acidity, high salt levels or relatively low temperatures. This has made them attractive to companies looking for cleaner and cheaper methods of production.

D One widely cited example is the textile industry. Traditionally, cotton fabrics were treated with strong chemicals to remove tiny loose fibres from the surface, a process that used large amounts of water and created chemical waste. Some manufacturers now use enzymes to perform the same task more gently. The fabric becomes smoother and brighter, while less water and energy are consumed. Enzymes are also used to fade denim jeans, replacing some of the stones and chemical bleaching agents once needed to create the popular worn look. For consumers, the final product may appear no different, but the method of production can be far less damaging.

E The paper and pulp industry has also experimented with enzyme-based processes. Wood pulp contains lignin, a tough material that must be removed or modified before paper can be whitened. Conventional bleaching can involve chlorine compounds, which may produce harmful pollutants if not carefully controlled. Certain enzymes can help loosen lignin or prepare the pulp for bleaching, reducing the amount of chlorine-based chemicals required. In other cases, enzymes help fibres drain more quickly, allowing paper machines to run faster and use less energy. These changes may sound minor, but in large factories even a small percentage saving can have significant economic value.

F A further development combines enzymes with genetic engineering. Instead of simply finding useful enzymes in nature, researchers can insert selected genes into bacteria, yeasts or fungi, turning them into miniature factories. These organisms can then produce large quantities of enzymes for commercial use. Some scientists are also designing microbes that can convert agricultural waste into biofuels, biodegradable plastics or industrial solvents. This combination of enzyme technology and genetic engineering is one reason the third wave is considered broader than earlier applications of biotechnology. It is not merely improving existing products; it is changing the way raw materials are processed.

G The commercial appeal is obvious, but it is not the only reason governments and companies are interested. Many countries are under pressure to reduce pollution, cut carbon emissions and use resources more efficiently. Industrial biotechnology can contribute to these goals because biological reactions often take place at lower temperatures and in water rather than in toxic solvents. As a result, factories may require less energy, produce less waste and rely less heavily on petroleum-based raw materials. However, critics warn that the environmental benefits are not automatic. Growing crops for bio-based products, for example, can compete with food production or lead to land-use problems if not managed carefully.

H Despite these concerns, many analysts believe the third wave could bring major environmental advantages. In theory, it offers a way to make industrial production cleaner without asking consumers to give up the goods they use every day. Detergents can work in cold water, jeans can be faded with fewer chemicals, paper can be bleached with less pollution, and fuels can be made from plant waste rather than crude oil. The promise is especially attractive because it links environmental protection with profit: companies save money while improving their public image. For this reason, biotechnology is increasingly viewed not just as a scientific field, but as a tool of sustainable commerce.

I There remain obstacles. New biological processes must be reliable, safe and cost-effective before manufacturers will adopt them. Customers may also be suspicious if they hear that genetic engineering is involved, even when the genetically modified organism is used only inside a factory and is not present in the final product. Regulation varies from country to country, and companies must prove that their methods do not create new risks. Nevertheless, the direction of travel is clear. The third wave of biotechnology is moving from the laboratory into everyday industry, and its influence may become visible not in what consumers buy, but in how those products are made.

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information?

14 an example of a traditional manufacturing process being replaced by a gentler biological method

15 the idea that a cleaner production method may also improve a company’s commercial position

16 a description of organisms being modified so that they can manufacture useful substances

17 a possible negative consequence of producing materials from biological resources

Questions 18-19

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

18-19According to the passage, which TWO of the following are true about enzymes?

A. They bring about changes without producing as many unwanted substances.

B. They operate only inside the human body.

C. They can be adapted to function in conditions that are not normally favourable.

D. They remove the need for microorganisms in production.

E. They make all industrial processes completely waste-free.

Questions 20-21

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

20-21Which TWO of the following statements are true about the third wave of biotechnology?

A. It has extended biotechnology into sectors beyond healthcare and farming.

B. It has already replaced conventional manufacturing in most factories.

C. It may allow some goods to be produced with lower environmental impact.

D. It has made consumers more willing to accept genetic engineering.

E. It depends mainly on the use of extreme heat and pressure.

Questions 22-26

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Questions 22–26

Complete the summary below.

Industrial biotechnology may change the way everyday goods are produced, even when the finished items look the same to 22 ________. In fabric treatment, biological agents can improve the appearance of cotton while cutting the need for water and 23 ________. In paper production, they can help reduce reliance on chlorine-based 24 ________. Some microbes can be turned into miniature 25 ________ by inserting selected genes into them. Before such methods are widely accepted, firms must demonstrate that they will not introduce new 26 ________.