Part 3 READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

In ancient times, humans and animals were co-dependent and lived in harmony. Today, however, they are often in conflict, and it is the animals that suffer most

The relationship between humans and animals has been a complex and evolving one. In early times, humans relied heavily on animals for survival, and the two species coexisted in harmony. However, as humans developed more sophisticated tools and technology, they began to exploit animals for their own purposes, leading to a shift in the balance of power between the two species. Today, the relationship between humans and animals is often one of conflict, with humans dominating and exploiting animals in various ways.

One of the key factors that has shaped the relationship between humans and animals is the concept of domestication. Domestication refers to the process by which humans selectively breed and train animals for specific purposes, such as food, transportation, or companionship. This process has allowed humans to exert greater control over animals and has led to a significant shift in the balance of power between the two species. However, it has also resulted in the loss of many animal species and the suffering of countless individual animals.

In recent years, there has been growing awareness of the negative impact that human activities have on animals and the environment. Many people are becoming more conscious of the ethical implications of their actions and are seeking to develop more sustainable and compassionate ways of interacting with animals. This has led to the emergence of new approaches to animal welfare and conservation, such as the use of non-lethal methods for managing wildlife populations and the promotion of plant-based diets.

One of the most significant developments in the field of animal welfare has been the recognition of animals as sentient beings with their own needs and interests. This has led to the development of new laws and regulations aimed at protecting animals from harm and ensuring that they are treated with respect and dignity. For example, many countries have introduced laws prohibiting the use of animals in entertainment, such as circuses and rodeos, and have banned the use of cruel and inhumane methods of slaughtering animals for food.

Another important development in the field of animal welfare has been the increasing recognition of the importance of biodiversity and the need to protect endangered species. Many conservation organizations are working to protect and restore habitats for endangered species and are promoting the use of sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. These efforts are aimed at ensuring that future generations will be able to enjoy the rich diversity of life on Earth.

Despite these positive developments, the relationship between humans and animals remains a complex and often contentious one. Many people continue to exploit animals for their own purposes, often without regard for the welfare of the animals or the impact on the environment. This has led to a growing movement of activists and advocates who are working to raise awareness of the issues and promote more compassionate and sustainable ways of interacting with animals.

One of the challenges facing the animal welfare movement is the need to balance the interests of animals with those of humans. Many people rely on animals for their livelihoods, and there are often competing interests and values at play. For example, farmers may be reluctant to give up practices that are harmful to animals if it means sacrificing their own economic interests. Similarly, conservationists may face opposition from local communities if their efforts to protect endangered species are seen as threatening traditional ways of life.

Another challenge facing the animal welfare movement is the need to address the root causes of animal suffering and exploitation. Many of the problems facing animals today are the result of larger social and economic issues, such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. Addressing these issues will require a coordinated and collaborative effort from governments, businesses, and individuals.

In conclusion, the relationship between humans and animals has been a complex and evolving one, shaped by a variety of social, economic, and cultural factors. While there have been positive developments in the field of animal welfare and conservation, there is still much work to be done to ensure that animals are treated with respect and dignity and that their needs and interests are taken into account. This will require a shift in the way we think about and interact with animals, as well as a commitment to addressing the root causes of animal suffering and exploitation. By working together, we can create a more compassionate and sustainable world for both humans and animals.

Questions 27-32

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

Ancient times

Humans depended on animals as a key source of 27______________

Later

The creation of increasingly 28______________

tools and methods marked human advancement.

Over time, humans began to 29______________

animals to satisfy their personal needs.

A shift occurred in the balance of 30______________

between humans and animals.

The process of

31______________gave humans the ability to manage and control animals.

Animals were eventually 32______________

by humans for particular purposes.

Questions 33-36

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE. if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE. if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN. If there is no information on this

33______________. Many people are becoming more aware of the impact of their actions on the environment.

34______________. In the past, most people were aware of the ethical implications of their actions.

35______________. The use of non-lethal methods of managing wildlife populations is decreasing.

36______________. Many countries have introduced laws prohibiting the use of animals in agriculture.

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

THE FUTURE FOR ANIMALS

Despite positive developments in animal welfare, many people continue to exploit animals. Some farmers, for example, are unwilling to 37______________.

practices that are harmful to animals. Conservationists may face 38______________.

from local communities if their efforts to protect endangered species are seen as a 39______________.

to traditional ways of life.

In addition, many of the problems facing animals today are the result of larger social and economic issues, such as poverty and 40______________.

A. threat

B. inequality

C. opposition

D. abandon

E. support

F. adopt

G. protection

H. reinforcement