题目：
The Fur Trade and Native Americans
Soon after Europeans made contact with the aboriginal peoples of North America, known as Native Americans, trading became the focus of European concern. French, British, and Dutch merchants sought animal furs, especially beaver skins, which were in high demand between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe for making men’s hats. At the same time, Native Americans were superb hunters, but they did not possess metalworking technology as the Europeans did. Native Americans exchanged furs from America’s abundant wildlife for iron, copper, and brass goods such as knives, axes, pots, and needles from the Europeans.
Many Native Americans were willing, even enthusiastic, to trade for European goods. Over the centuries, participation in the fur trade increased in volume and in importance in aboriginal economies. The immediate consequence of trade was the addition of material and technological innovations, but dependence on trade had negative effects not foreseen by most participants. Since the market for beaver could not be controlled by Native American fur trappers, they were vulnerable to changes in demand. When demand was high, they abandoned some aboriginal practices in order to keep pace.Instead of following traditional conservation principles, they excessively trapped nearby territories so that they could obtain as many animals as possible. This led to the rapid depletion of beaver in some areas. As a result, men were forced to travel farther from their communities to find the desired resource, often entering territories of other people who were similarly engaged in trapping and trading, resulting in conflict. When the demand for furs declined, people were left without the ability to procure the goods that they wanted.In societies where traditional craft skills had been abandoned once people acquired manufactured tools and utensils, the loss of European goods was difficult to adjust to or even contemplate.
In addition to the acquisition of a wide range of imported goods, transformations in aboriginal societies included shifts in economic activities, changes in gender roles, the development of notions of private property in goods and especially in land, the emergence of or increases in socia! differences based on wealth, and the intensification of warfare caused by competition over access to resources and to trade routes. These transformations were manifested more intensely in some societies than in others, but they were prevalent throughout North America at different historical periods. These changes occurred earliest in regions of initial European entry and settlement, that is, along the eastern coasts and nearby inland territories, but they eventually spread to the interior of the continent, leaving no Native American nation untouched.
As early as the seventeenth century in some eastern aboriginal nations, trapping and trading replaced hunting as men’s central productive activities. Among agricultural people where farming was the responsibility of women, food supplies were maintained, but among other groups that depended more heavily on meat, fish, and fowl brought in by hunters, aboriginal food resources were not exploited as fully as had been done prior to involvement in the fur trade. Many people then traded with Europeans for food, but this led to increased dependence on traders. Women, too, were involved in the fur trade because their labor was needed to prepare the pelts (animal skins) for the market. Since they also had to provide food for their families and perform household tasks, demands on their labor increased as well. As the economic roles of both men and women changed to place greater focus on the fur trade, people grew more dependent on the trade in order to supply their needs and wants. This reliance on trade tended to intensify and solidify the productive shifts that supported it.
In addition, since European traders dealt with Native American trappers as individuals, a process began that eventually resulted in a reorientation of ideology away from kin-based, community-based mutual reliance and support to one that stressed individuals. Over the centuries, notions of personal private property developed that contrasted fundamentally with beliefs about communal ownership of resources. Although aboriginal societies had concepts of territorial rights, these rights were held by groups, not by individuals. Strangers in need were permitted to use local resources, at least temporarily, but the idea that ownership of land and resources could be transferred was foreign to Native American cultures.
1
Many Native Americans were willing, even enthusiastic, to trade for European goods. Over the centuries, participation in the fur trade increased in volume and in importance in aboriginal economies. The immediate consequence of trade was the addition of material and technological innovations, but dependence on trade had negative effects not foreseen by most participants. Since the market for beaver could not be controlled by Native American fur trappers, they were vulnerable to changes in demand. When demand was high, they abandoned some aboriginal practices in order to keep pace.Instead of following traditional conservation principles, they excessively trapped nearby territories so that they could obtain as many animals as possible. This led to the rapid depletion of beaver in some areas. As a result, men were forced to travel farther from their communities to find the desired resource, often entering territories of other people who were similarly engaged in trapping and trading, resulting in conflict. When the demand for furs declined, people were left without the ability to procure the goods that they wanted.In societies where traditional craft skills had been abandoned once people acquired manufactured tools and utensils, the loss of European goods was difficult to adjust to or even contemplate.
Why does the author provide the information that some areas experienced a “rapid depletion of beaver”?
Rhetorical Purpose Questions修辞目的题
ATo provide evidence that Native American fur trappers could not control the demand for beaver
BTo point out an effect of Native Americans’ abandonment of traditional conservation principles
CTo identify a condition that led to a decline in the European demand for furs
DTo explain why Native American practices changed to help rebuild reduced beaver populations
2
Many Native Americans were willing, even enthusiastic, to trade for European goods. Over the centuries, participation in the fur trade increased in volume and in importance in aboriginal economies. The immediate consequence of trade was the addition of material and technological innovations, but dependence on trade had negative effects not foreseen by most participants. Since the market for beaver could not be controlled by Native American fur trappers, they were vulnerable to changes in demand. When demand was high, they abandoned some aboriginal practices in order to keep pace.Instead of following traditional conservation principles, they excessively trapped nearby territories so that they could obtain as many animals as possible. This led to the rapid depletion of beaver in some areas. As a result, men were forced to travel farther from their communities to find the desired resource, often entering territories of other people who were similarly engaged in trapping and trading, resulting in conflict. When the demand for furs declined, people were left without the ability to procure the goods that they wanted.In societies where traditional craft skills had been abandoned once people acquired manufactured tools and utensils, the loss of European goods was difficult to adjust to or even contemplate.
The word “contemplate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Adefend against
Brecover from
Caccept
Dconsider
3
Many Native Americans were willing, even enthusiastic, to trade for European goods. Over the centuries, participation in the fur trade increased in volume and in importance in aboriginal economies. The immediate consequence of trade was the addition of material and technological innovations, but dependence on trade had negative effects not foreseen by most participants. Since the market for beaver could not be controlled by Native American fur trappers, they were vulnerable to changes in demand. When demand was high, they abandoned some aboriginal practices in order to keep pace.Instead of following traditional conservation principles, they excessively trapped nearby territories so that they could obtain as many animals as possible. This led to the rapid depletion of beaver in some areas. As a result, men were forced to travel farther from their communities to find the desired resource, often entering territories of other people who were similarly engaged in trapping and trading, resulting in conflict. When the demand for furs declined, people were left without the ability to procure the goods that they wanted.In societies where traditional craft skills had been abandoned once people acquired manufactured tools and utensils, the loss of European goods was difficult to adjust to or even contemplate.
According to paragraph 2. how did high demand for furs contribute to conflict among Native Americans?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AIt strongly disadvantaged Native American groups that did not engage in trapping and trading.
BIt forced Native American groups that practiced traditional conservation methods to compete for furs against groups that overtrapped animals.
CIt encouraged Native Americans to trap for furs in areas outside their own.
DIt encouraged Native American groups to compete for control of unoccupied territories.
4
In addition to the acquisition of a wide range of imported goods, transformations in aboriginal societies included shifts in economic activities, changes in gender roles, the development of notions of private property in goods and especially in land, the emergence of or increases in socia! differences based on wealth, and the intensification of warfare caused by competition over access to resources and to trade routes. These transformations were manifested more intensely in some societies than in others, but they were prevalent throughout North America at different historical periods. These changes occurred earliest in regions of initial European entry and settlement, that is, along the eastern coasts and nearby inland territories, but they eventually spread to the interior of the continent, leaving no Native American nation untouched.
Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following was true about Native American nations before trade with Europeans became common?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
ANative American nations usually settled disagreements over and ownership without warfare.
BNative American nations relied heavily on trade with one another for needed goods.
CDifferences in status in Native American societies had little to do with differences in wealth.
DThe idea of the private ownership of goods had become well established.
5
In addition to the acquisition of a wide range of imported goods, transformations in aboriginal societies included shifts in economic activities, changes in gender roles, the development of notions of private property in goods and especially in land, the emergence of or increases in socia! differences based on wealth, and the intensification of warfare caused by competition over access to resources and to trade routes. These transformations were manifested more intensely in some societies than in others, but they were prevalent throughout North America at different historical periods. These changes occurred earliest in regions of initial European entry and settlement, that is, along the eastern coasts and nearby inland territories, but they eventually spread to the interior of the continent, leaving no Native American nation untouched.
Which of the following was true of the transformations of Native American nations discussed in paragraph 3?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AThese transformations encouraged good relations among Native American nations by reducing traditional conflicts.
BThese transformations affected most but not all Native American nations in North America.
CThese transformations increased conflict between Native American nations and Europeans
DThese transformations occurred in coastal areas before they occurred in the far interior
6
As early as the seventeenth century in some eastern aboriginal nations, trapping and trading replaced hunting as men’s central productive activities. Among agricultural people where farming was the responsibility of women, food supplies were maintained, but among other groups that depended more heavily on meat, fish, and fowl brought in by hunters, aboriginal food resources were not exploited as fully as had been done prior to involvement in the fur trade. Many people then traded with Europeans for food, but this led to increased dependence on traders. Women, too, were involved in the fur trade because their labor was needed to prepare the pelts (animal skins) for the market. Since they also had to provide food for their families and perform household tasks, demands on their labor increased as well. As the economic roles of both men and women changed to place greater focus on the fur trade, people grew more dependent on the trade in order to supply their needs and wants. This reliance on trade tended to intensify and solidify the productive shifts that supported it.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Sentence Simplification Questions句子简化题
AIn some groups involved in the fur trade, food supplies were maintained by relying more heavily on meat, fish, and fowl brought in by hunters
BSome societies depended heavily on meat. fish, and fowl brought in by hunters, but farming was more important for other groups.
CAmong agricultural people, women took on additional responsibilities when men became more involved in the fur trade
DAfter involvement in the fur trade began, groups with female farmers maintained their food supplies better than groups that depended more on hunting did.
7
As early as the seventeenth century in some eastern aboriginal nations, trapping and trading replaced hunting as men’s central productive activities. Among agricultural people where farming was the responsibility of women, food supplies were maintained, but among other groups that depended more heavily on meat, fish, and fowl brought in by hunters, aboriginal food resources were not exploited as fully as had been done prior to involvement in the fur trade. Many people then traded with Europeans for food, but this led to increased dependence on traders. Women, too, were involved in the fur trade because their labor was needed to prepare the pelts (animal skins) for the market. Since they also had to provide food for their families and perform household tasks, demands on their labor increased as well. As the economic roles of both men and women changed to place greater focus on the fur trade, people grew more dependent on the trade in order to supply their needs and wants. This reliance on trade tended to intensify and solidify the productive shifts that supported it.
According to paragraph 4, participation in the fur trade changed the lives of Native American women in which of the following ways?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AIt required them to perform more work than they had previously
BIt led them to create new ways to perform traditional household tasks.
CIt allowed them to take leadership roles in setting up trade arrangements with Europeans.
DIt encouraged them to produce extra food that could be exchanged for European goods.
8
In addition, since European traders dealt with Native American trappers as individuals, a process began that eventually resulted in a reorientation of ideology away from kin-based, community-based mutual reliance and support to one that stressed individuals. Over the centuries, notions of personal private property developed that contrasted fundamentally with beliefs about communal ownership of resources. Although aboriginal societies had concepts of territorial rights, these rights were held by groups, not by individuals. Strangers in need were permitted to use local resources, at least temporarily, but the idea that ownership of land and resources could be transferred was foreign to Native American cultures.
According to paragraph 5, before their involvement in the fur trade Native Americans held which of the following cultural beliefs?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
ALand was owned collectively by the group and could not be bought or sold.
BIdeas of personal private property would weaken their societies.
CStrangers in need could claim ownership of land and resources that were not being used.
DCommunal lands could be transferred to another group.
9
Soon after Europeans made contact with the aboriginal peoples of North America, known as Native Americans, trading became the focus of European concern. ⬛ French, British, and Dutch merchants sought animal furs, especially beaver skins, which were in high demand between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe for making men’s hats. ⬛ At the same time, Native Americans were superb hunters, but they did not possess metalworking technology as the Europeans did.⬛ Native Americans exchanged furs from America’s abundant wildlife for iron, copper, and brass goods such as knives, axes, pots, and needles from the Europeans.⬛
Many Native Americans were willing, even enthusiastic, to trade for European goods. Over the centuries, participation in the fur trade increased in volume and in importance in aboriginal economies. The immediate consequence of trade was the addition of material and technological innovations, but dependence on trade had negative effects not foreseen by most participants. Since the market for beaver could not be controlled by Native American fur trappers, they were vulnerable to changes in demand. When demand was high, they abandoned some aboriginal practices in order to keep pace.Instead of following traditional conservation principles, they excessively trapped nearby territories so that they could obtain as many animals as possible. This led to the rapid depletion of beaver in some areas. As a result, men were forced to travel farther from their communities to find the desired resource, often entering territories of other people who were similarly engaged in trapping and trading, resulting in conflict. When the demand for furs declined, people were left without the ability to procure the goods that they wanted.In societies where traditional craft skills had been abandoned once people acquired manufactured tools and utensils, the loss of European goods was difficult to adjust to or even contemplate.
Look at the four squares⬛ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
There was one item that was especially attractive.Insert Text Questions句子插入题
Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square sentence to the passage.
10
Trade between Native Americans and Europeans had lasting effects on Native American societies.
Prose Summary Questions概要小结题
Select 3 answers
ATrade between Native Americans and Europeans increased in part because some of the metal goods that Native Americans obtained through this trade increased their success as trappers.
BWhen demand for furs was low, Native American nations supported their communities by trading meat, fish, fowl, or agricultural crops for European goods.
CUnder European influence, Native Americans developed new attitudes about the roles of men and women and began placing less emphasis on the welfare of the group and more on the welfare of individual.
DWhen local populations of animals became reduced because of the high demand for furs, Native Americans began trapping in distant areas, a practice that caused tension with members of other groups.
EAs Native Americans devoted less time to hunting and fishing and more time to trapping and trading, they became more dependent on trade with Europeans for the things they needed, including food.
FPossession of European goods became a sign of high status within Native American groups, a development that strengthened existing Native American ideas about personal private property.
