题目：
The Emergence of the State
Before there was agriculture, people lived in small, loosely organized bands or tribes that hunted for and collected food in the wild. The emergence of horticulture(cultivating plants) and pastoralism (herding animals) led to predecessors of the state, or “prestates,” such as chiefdoms or kingdoms. In prestates, food producers, including horticulturalists and pastoralists, were integrated into a hierarchical political and economic structure with a “chief,” “lord,” or “king,” who occupied the highest position. People were ranked under this centralized leader, who could have considerable power and influence, much more than band or tribal leaders.
An interesting example in the archaeological record is Cahokia, a city of mounds (human-made hills that supported various structures) that existed in what is today the central United States. Emerging around c.E. 1050， Cahokia consisted of thousands of people. It had collapsed by 1500， but at its peak around 1150， more people lived at Cahokia (about 20,000 people) than in London. Like other chiefdoms, Cahokia was characterized by hierarchy: below the chief, an elite class of subchiefs(who were most likely related to the chief) ruled the leaders of family clans who, in turn, ruled the commoners. Not only were the people ranked by title, but it was also inscribed into the landscape: atop the largest mound-which, at about 100 feet (30 meters) tall, rose above everything and everyone else in the city-the chief administered Cahokia.
Economically, the people who lived in prestates like Cahokia practiced mutual dependence and exchange. But unlike foraging bands or tribal pastoralists or horticulturalists, some people had access to power, prestige, and even resources, such as food, that others did not, primarily because of their rank in the social order. This is where an economic system called redistribution comes into play. In this type of economic exchange, resources (e.g. crops at Cahokia) flowed into one central locale (e.g. the chief at Cahokia), and then they were redistributed again to support, for example, full-time warriors or religious specialists. In some way, the process works like taxes do today, although this modern practice is much more depersonalized. Notably, while resources flowed back out to the masses from the chief, though certainly not in the same form, the act of redistribution often increased the wealth, power, and prestige of the chief and his subordinates. Consequently, chiefs, lords, or kings often had the power to control land and resources in ways that tribal or band leaders did not.
Chiefs, lords, and kings often maintained their political and economic domination through coercion and warfare. In this regard, some chiefdoms or kingdoms were very much like ancient states, which expanded through large-scale conquest. But, unlike chiefdoms or kingdoms, these early states consisted of much larger populations.
Early states-hierarchical political systems characterized by centralized governments more sophisticated than those of prestates-arose primarily around large-scale agriculture and first emerged about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. Many of these developed independently of one another in places all over the world: Central America, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. These states had centralized power, that is, a consolidated authority was organized around a ruling bureaucracy rather than just one chief, king, or lord. For example, while Cahokia had a centralized authority-a chief -the Maya civilization of Central America (which collapsed around c.E. 900) had a ruling body of individuals spread throughout the state. Like Rome (also a state), the Maya had bureaucrats who governed outlying towns and cities.
Political centralization was only the beginning, however. Integrating people within a centralized, ruling bureaucracy often included state-sponsored religion, the presence of a highly organized military (for both expansion and defense), mutual dependence (as in bands and tribes), redistribution (as in chiefdoms or kingdoms), and market exchange (the exchange of goods and services through the use of money). In times past, “money”included items such as shells, beads, animal skins, precious metals, and rice. Markets were especially important to the development of states. Indeed, the state depended on market exchange to survive. For example, as people settled, their diets became increasingly limited to a few crops. They were able to produce more food for more people, but the number of available foods remained small if people could not trade for them.
1
Before there was agriculture, people lived in small, loosely organized bands or tribes that hunted for and collected food in the wild. The emergence of horticulture(cultivating plants) and pastoralism (herding animals) led to predecessors of the state, or “prestates,” such as chiefdoms or kingdoms. In prestates, food producers, including horticulturalists and pastoralists, were integrated into a hierarchical political and economic structure with a “chief,” “lord,” or “king,” who occupied the highest position. People were ranked under this centralized leader, who could have considerable power and influence, much more than band or tribal leaders.
According to paragraph 1,prestates were characterized by which TWO of the following? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer choices.
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
Select 2 answers
AFood was obtained by growing plants and by herding animals.
BPeople were organized into small tribes or bands.
CSocial position was determined by the amount of food a person could produce.
DMost of the governing power was exercised by one person.
2
Economically, the people who lived in prestates like Cahokia practiced mutual dependence and exchange. But unlike foraging bands or tribal pastoralists or horticulturalists, some people had access to power, prestige, and even resources, such as food, that others did not, primarily because of their rank in the social order. This is where an economic system called redistribution comes into play. In this type of economic exchange, resources (e.g. crops at Cahokia) flowed into one central locale (e.g. the chief at Cahokia), and then they were redistributed again to support, for example, full-time warriors or religious specialists. In some way, the process works like taxes do today, although this modern practice is much more depersonalized. Notably, while resources flowed back out to the masses from the chief, though certainly not in the same form, the act of redistribution often increased the wealth, power, and prestige of the chief and his subordinates. Consequently, chiefs, lords, or kings often had the power to control land and resources in ways that tribal or band leaders did not.
The word “Notably”in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
AUnfortunately
BSurprisingly
CRemarkably
DAdditionally
3
Economically, the people who lived in prestates like Cahokia practiced mutual dependence and exchange. But unlike foraging bands or tribal pastoralists or horticulturalists, some people had access to power, prestige, and even resources, such as food, that others did not, primarily because of their rank in the social order. This is where an economic system called redistribution comes into play. In this type of economic exchange, resources (e.g. crops at Cahokia) flowed into one central locale (e.g. the chief at Cahokia), and then they were redistributed again to support, for example, full-time warriors or religious specialists. In some way, the process works like taxes do today, although this modern practice is much more depersonalized. Notably, while resources flowed back out to the masses from the chief, though certainly not in the same form, the act of redistribution often increased the wealth, power, and prestige of the chief and his subordinates. Consequently, chiefs, lords, or kings often had the power to control land and resources in ways that tribal or band leaders did not.
Paragraph 3 suggests that chiefs, lords, and kings did which of the following during redistribution of resources?
Inference Questions推理题
AThey became wealthier by keeping a share of the resources for themselves and their subordinates.
BThey took resources from warriors and religious specialists and gave them to the food producers.
CThey sent resources to rival tribal and band leaders to control them.
DThey ensured that the masses received in return as many resources as they paid in.
4
Chiefs, lords, and kings often maintained their political and economic domination through coercion and warfare. In this regard, some chiefdoms or kingdoms were very much like ancient states, which expanded through large-scale conquest. But, unlike chiefdoms or kingdoms, these early states consisted of much larger populations.
According to paragraph 4,how were early states similar to some chiefdoms or kingdoms?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AThey had similar-sized populations.
BThey grew and maintained their power through war.
CThey were ruled by a system of chiefs, lords, and kings.
DThey could not survive economically without taking over neighbor states.
5
The word”sophisticated”in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Aefficient
Blong lasting
Cpowerful
Dcomplex
6
Early states-hierarchical political systems characterized by centralized governments more sophisticated than those of prestates-arose primarily around large-scale agriculture and first emerged about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. Many of these developed independently of one another in places all over the world: Central America, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. These states had centralized power, that is, a consolidated authority was organized around a ruling bureaucracy rather than just one chief, king, or lord. For example, while Cahokia had a centralized authority-a chief -the Maya civilization of Central America (which collapsed around c.E. 900) had a ruling body of individuals spread throughout the state. Like Rome (also a state), the Maya had bureaucrats who governed outlying towns and cities.
Why does the author mention that Cahokia had a chief, while the Maya “had a ruling body of individuals spread throughout the state?
Rhetorical Purpose Questions修辞目的题
ATo suggest that the Maya civilization may have collapsed for the same reason that Rome did
BTo indicate that the use of large-scale agriculture favored certain forms of government over others
CTo show that states ruled by many individuals were more likely to collapse than ones ruled by a single leader
DTo illustrate a difference between a prestate and a state
7
Early states-hierarchical political systems characterized by centralized governments more sophisticated than those of prestates-arose primarily around large-scale agriculture and first emerged about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. Many of these developed independently of one another in places all over the world: Central America, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. These states had centralized power, that is, a consolidated authority was organized around a ruling bureaucracy rather than just one chief, king, or lord. For example, while Cahokia had a centralized authority-a chief -the Maya civilization of Central America (which collapsed around c.E. 900) had a ruling body of individuals spread throughout the state. Like Rome (also a state), the Maya had bureaucrats who governed outlying towns and cities.
According to paragraph 5,which of the following is true of the rise of early states?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AThe first states arose in Central America, followed by South America, then Africa, Mesopotamia, and Southeast Asia.
BThe early states emerged in places where large-scale agriculture was developing
CThe political systems in the early states of Cahokia, the Maya civilization, and Rome were very similar.
DThe first states arose out of the remains of prestates that had collapsed.
8
Political centralization was only the beginning, however. Integrating people within a centralized, ruling bureaucracy often included state-sponsored religion, the presence of a highly organized military (for both expansion and defense), mutual dependence (as in bands and tribes), redistribution (as in chiefdoms or kingdoms), and market exchange (the exchange of goods and services through the use of money). In times past, “money”included items such as shells, beads, animal skins, precious metals, and rice. Markets were especially important to the development of states. Indeed, the state depended on market exchange to survive. For example, as people settled, their diets became increasingly limited to a few crops. They were able to produce more food for more people, but the number of available foods remained small if people could not trade for them.
According to paragraph 6,new states depended on market exchange for which of the following?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AEnsuring military protection and expansion
BObtaining valuable objects for religious use
CAcquiring more varied and plentiful sources of food
DRedistributing goods and services
9
Political centralization was only the beginning, however.[■] Integrating people within a centralized, ruling bureaucracy often included state-sponsored religion, the presence of a highly organized military (for both expansion and defense), mutual dependence (as in bands and tribes), redistribution (as in chiefdoms or kingdoms), and market exchange (the exchange of goods and services through the use of money).[■] In times past, “money”included items such as shells, beads, animal skins, precious metals, and rice. [■]Markets were especially important to the development of states. [■]Indeed, the state depended on market exchange to survive. For example, as people settled, their diets became increasingly limited to a few crops. They were able to produce more food for more people, but the number of available foods remained small if people could not trade for them.
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
There were even more consequences to come.Insert Text Questions句子插入题
Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square sentence to the passage.
10
As human societies became larger, some developed into prestates or early states.
Prose Summary Questions概要小结题
Select 3 answers
AThe replacement of hunting and gathering with herding and agriculture led to more complex societies known as prestates, organized in a hierarchy with one powerful leader at the top.
BResources in prestates were controlled by the ruler, who redistributed some of them for specific uses, such as to support soldiers or religious leaders.
CThe first states developed 6,000 years ago when the prestates that preceded them collapsed because of warfare, political instability, and the challenges of feeding their growing populations.
DThe earliest prestates were small, loosely organized chiefdoms or kingdoms in which some people hunted in bands or collected food in the wild, while others cultivated plants or herded animals.
EOne feature of prestates was the use of large storage places, such as mounds, which were later central to the development of new systems of economic exchange.
FAgriculture and the increase in populations led to the organization of societies into early states, which were still hierarchical but distributed power among bureaucrats spread throughout the state.
