The Global Industrial Revolution
题目：
In fewer than a hundred years, the global process of industrialization utterly transformed Great Britain, most of continental Europe, Japan, and the United States. Its social and economic consequences were complex and profound, and they continue today to shape the nature of global society. The emergence of modern industrialism was already well underway in many parts of the world by the end of the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution was largely a product of rapid changes in Great Britain, which was the first nation to have significant industrial capacity. The factory system took root there in the late eighteenth century and revolutionized the manufacture of cotton thread and cloth, one invention following another in quick succession. Water, wind, and animal power continued to be important in the textile industry. But more important was the emergence of steam power, which began to proliferate after the appearance of James Watt’s advanced steam engine in 1769. Cumbersome and inefficient by modern standards, Watt’s engine was nevertheless a major improvement over the earlier atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen. Britain’s textile industry quickly became the most profitable in the world, and it helped encourage comparable advances in other fields of manufacturing as well. Despite the efforts of the British government to prevent the export of industrial technology, knowledge of the new machines reached other nations quickly, usually through the emigration of people who had learned the technology in British factories.
The United States benefited the most from British technology. because it received more immigrants from Great Britain than any other country. But British technology spread quickly to continental Europe as well. Belgium was the first, developing a significant coal, iron, and armaments (military equipment) industry in the early nineteenth century. France-profiting from the immigration of approximately fifteen thousand British workers with advanced technological skills-had created a substantial industrial capacity in textiles and metals by the end of the 1820s, which in turn contributed to a great boom in railroad construction later in the century. German industrialization progressed rapidly after 1840， beginning with coal and iron production and then, in the 1850s, moving into large-scale railroad construction. By the late nineteenth century, Germany had created some of the world’s largest industrial corporations. In Japan, the sudden intrusion of American and European traders helped cause the so-called Meiji reforms of the 1880s and 1890s, which launched a period of rapid industrialization there as well.
Industrialization changed not just the world’s economies but also its societies. First in Britain and then in Europe, America, and Japan, social systems underwent revolutionary changes. Hundreds of thousands of men and women moved from rural areas into cities to work in factories, where they experienced both the benefits and the costs of industrialization. The standard of living of the new working class, when objectively quantified, was usually significantly higher than that of the rural poor. Most of those who moved from farm to factory, in other words, experienced some improvement in nutrition and other material circumstances and even in their health. But the psychological costs of being suddenly uprooted from one way of life and thrust into a fundamentally different one could outweigh the economic gains. There was little in most workers’ prior experience to prepare them for the nature of industrial labor. It was disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedule, a sharp contrast to the varying seasonal work pattern of the rural economy. Industrial workers, too, experienced a fundamental change in their relationship with their employers. Unlike rural landlords and local aristocrats, factory owners and managers-the new class of industrial capitalists, many of them accumulating unprecedented wealth-were usually remote and inaccessible figures. They dealt with their workers impersonally, and the result was a growing division between the two classes-each lacking access to or an understanding of the other. Working men and women throughout the globe began thinking of themselves as a distinct class with common goals and interests. And their efforts simultaneously to adjust to their new way of life and to resist its most damaging aspects sometimes created great social turbulence. Battles between workers and employers became a characteristic feature of industrial life throughout the world.
1
In fewer than a hundred years, the global process of industrialization utterly transformed Great Britain, most of continental Europe, Japan, and the United States. Its social and economic consequences were complex and profound, and they continue today to shape the nature of global society. The emergence of modern industrialism was already well underway in many parts of the world by the end of the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution was largely a product of rapid changes in Great Britain, which was the first nation to have significant industrial capacity. The factory system took root there in the late eighteenth century and revolutionized the manufacture of cotton thread and cloth, one invention following another in quick succession. Water, wind, and animal power continued to be important in the textile industry. But more important was the emergence of steam power, which began to proliferate after the appearance of James Watt’s advanced steam engine in 1769. Cumbersome and inefficient by modern standards, Watt’s engine was nevertheless a major improvement over the earlier atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen. Britain’s textile industry quickly became the most profitable in the world, and it helped encourage comparable advances in other fields of manufacturing as well. Despite the efforts of the British government to prevent the export of industrial technology, knowledge of the new machines reached other nations quickly, usually through the emigration of people who had learned the technology in British factories.
The word “utterly” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Apermanently
Bfamously
Cusefully
Dcompletely
2
In fewer than a hundred years, the global process of industrialization utterly transformed Great Britain, most of continental Europe, Japan, and the United States. Its social and economic consequences were complex and profound, and they continue today to shape the nature of global society. The emergence of modern industrialism was already well underway in many parts of the world by the end of the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution was largely a product of rapid changes in Great Britain, which was the first nation to have significant industrial capacity. The factory system took root there in the late eighteenth century and revolutionized the manufacture of cotton thread and cloth, one invention following another in quick succession. Water, wind, and animal power continued to be important in the textile industry. But more important was the emergence of steam power, which began to proliferate after the appearance of James Watt’s advanced steam engine in 1769. Cumbersome and inefficient by modern standards, Watt’s engine was nevertheless a major improvement over the earlier atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen. Britain’s textile industry quickly became the most profitable in the world, and it helped encourage comparable advances in other fields of manufacturing as well. Despite the efforts of the British government to prevent the export of industrial technology, knowledge of the new machines reached other nations quickly, usually through the emigration of people who had learned the technology in British factories.
Paragraph 1 suggests which of the following about the role of steam power in Britain’s industrial revolution?
Inference Questions推理题
AIt led to far more social consequences than economic consequences.
BIt was less important than water, wind, and animal power.
CIt was abandoned after the development of Newcomen’s atmospheric engine.
DIt led to the rapid profitability of the textile industry.
3
In fewer than a hundred years, the global process of industrialization utterly transformed Great Britain, most of continental Europe, Japan, and the United States. Its social and economic consequences were complex and profound, and they continue today to shape the nature of global society. The emergence of modern industrialism was already well underway in many parts of the world by the end of the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution was largely a product of rapid changes in Great Britain, which was the first nation to have significant industrial capacity. The factory system took root there in the late eighteenth century and revolutionized the manufacture of cotton thread and cloth, one invention following another in quick succession. Water, wind, and animal power continued to be important in the textile industry. But more important was the emergence of steam power, which began to proliferate after the appearance of James Watt’s advanced steam engine in 1769. Cumbersome and inefficient by modern standards, Watt’s engine was nevertheless a major improvement over the earlier atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen. Britain’s textile industry quickly became the most profitable in the world, and it helped encourage comparable advances in other fields of manufacturing as well. Despite the efforts of the British government to prevent the export of industrial technology, knowledge of the new machines reached other nations quickly, usually through the emigration of people who had learned the technology in British factories.
According to paragraph 1, Great Britain attempted to maintain its industrial dominance by
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
Aseeking a less cumbersome alternative to Watt’s advanced steam engine
Bpromoting the spread of new technology from textiles to other fields
Cattracting skilled workers from other countries to work in British factories
Dlimiting the availability of its own technology in other countries
4
The United States benefited the most from British technology. because it received more immigrants from Great Britain than any other country. But British technology spread quickly to continental Europe as well. Belgium was the first, developing a significant coal, iron, and armaments (military equipment) industry in the early nineteenth century. France-profiting from the immigration of approximately fifteen thousand British workers with advanced technological skills-had created a substantial industrial capacity in textiles and metals by the end of the 1820s, which in turn contributed to a great boom in railroad construction later in the century. German industrialization progressed rapidly after 1840， beginning with coal and iron production and then, in the 1850s, moving into large-scale railroad construction. By the late nineteenth century, Germany had created some of the world’s largest industrial corporations. In Japan, the sudden intrusion of American and European traders helped cause the so-called Meiji reforms of the 1880s and 1890s, which launched a period of rapid industrialization there as well.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Sentence Simplification Questions句子简化题
AThe arrival of numerous skilled British workers had benefited France’s textile and metal industries by the end of the 1820s,and this contributed to a later railroad boom.
BFrance profited from the immigration of approximately fifteen thousand skilled British workers, who worked with French workers to construct the first railroad in France
CDespite the migration of thousands of its workers to Britain,France built large and profitable industries in textiles, metals,and other manufacturing by the late nineteenth century
DFrance attracted approximately fifteen thousand British workers during the nineteenth century because it had developed industries in textiles, metals, and railroad construction.
5
The United States benefited the most from British technology. because it received more immigrants from Great Britain than any other country. But British technology spread quickly to continental Europe as well. Belgium was the first, developing a significant coal, iron, and armaments (military equipment) industry in the early nineteenth century. France-profiting from the immigration of approximately fifteen thousand British workers with advanced technological skills-had created a substantial industrial capacity in textiles and metals by the end of the 1820s, which in turn contributed to a great boom in railroad construction later in the century. German industrialization progressed rapidly after 1840， beginning with coal and iron production and then, in the 1850s, moving into large-scale railroad construction. By the late nineteenth century, Germany had created some of the world’s largest industrial corporations. In Japan, the sudden intrusion of American and European traders helped cause the so-called Meiji reforms of the 1880s and 1890s, which launched a period of rapid industrialization there as well.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the industrialization of Japan?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
AIt occurred much more gradually than the industrialization of Europe
BIt was possible thanks to investments by Germany’s large industrial corporations.
CIt was indirectly caused by the presence of foreign traders in Japan.
DIt led to the Meiji reforms of the 1880s and 1890s
6
Industrialization changed not just the world’s economies but also its societies. First in Britain and then in Europe, America, and Japan, social systems underwent revolutionary changes. Hundreds of thousands of men and women moved from rural areas into cities to work in factories, where they experienced both the benefits and the costs of industrialization. The standard of living of the new working class, when objectively quantified, was usually significantly higher than that of the rural poor. Most of those who moved from farm to factory, in other words, experienced some improvement in nutrition and other material circumstances and even in their health. But the psychological costs of being suddenly uprooted from one way of life and thrust into a fundamentally different one could outweigh the economic gains. There was little in most workers’ prior experience to prepare them for the nature of industrial labor. It was disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedule, a sharp contrast to the varying seasonal work pattern of the rural economy. Industrial workers, too, experienced a fundamental change in their relationship with their employers. Unlike rural landlords and local aristocrats, factory owners and managers-the new class of industrial capitalists, many of them accumulating unprecedented wealth-were usually remote and inaccessible figures. They dealt with their workers impersonally, and the result was a growing division between the two classes-each lacking access to or an understanding of the other. Working men and women throughout the globe began thinking of themselves as a distinct class with common goals and interests. And their efforts simultaneously to adjust to their new way of life and to resist its most damaging aspects sometimes created great social turbulence. Battles between workers and employers became a characteristic feature of industrial life throughout the world.
The word “simultaneously” in the passage is closest in meaning to
Vocabulary Questions词汇题
Aover time
Bat the same time
Csuddenly
Dincreasingly
7
Industrialization changed not just the world’s economies but also its societies. First in Britain and then in Europe, America, and Japan, social systems underwent revolutionary changes. Hundreds of thousands of men and women moved from rural areas into cities to work in factories, where they experienced both the benefits and the costs of industrialization. The standard of living of the new working class, when objectively quantified, was usually significantly higher than that of the rural poor. Most of those who moved from farm to factory, in other words, experienced some improvement in nutrition and other material circumstances and even in their health. But the psychological costs of being suddenly uprooted from one way of life and thrust into a fundamentally different one could outweigh the economic gains. There was little in most workers’ prior experience to prepare them for the nature of industrial labor. It was disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedule, a sharp contrast to the varying seasonal work pattern of the rural economy. Industrial workers, too, experienced a fundamental change in their relationship with their employers. Unlike rural landlords and local aristocrats, factory owners and managers-the new class of industrial capitalists, many of them accumulating unprecedented wealth-were usually remote and inaccessible figures. They dealt with their workers impersonally, and the result was a growing division between the two classes-each lacking access to or an understanding of the other. Working men and women throughout the globe began thinking of themselves as a distinct class with common goals and interests. And their efforts simultaneously to adjust to their new way of life and to resist its most damaging aspects sometimes created great social turbulence. Battles between workers and employers became a characteristic feature of industrial life throughout the world.
In paragraph 3, why does the author explain that there were improvements in the nutrition, material circumstances, and health of the new working class?
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
ATo demonstrate that a worker’s standard of living could be objectively quantified
BTo support the claim that city workers generally had a higher standard of living than rural workers did
CTo argue that the economic effects of industrialization outweighed the psychological effects
DTo explain why working people believed they had common goals and interests
8
Industrialization changed not just the world’s economies but also its societies. First in Britain and then in Europe, America, and Japan, social systems underwent revolutionary changes. Hundreds of thousands of men and women moved from rural areas into cities to work in factories, where they experienced both the benefits and the costs of industrialization. The standard of living of the new working class, when objectively quantified, was usually significantly higher than that of the rural poor. Most of those who moved from farm to factory, in other words, experienced some improvement in nutrition and other material circumstances and even in their health. But the psychological costs of being suddenly uprooted from one way of life and thrust into a fundamentally different one could outweigh the economic gains. There was little in most workers’ prior experience to prepare them for the nature of industrial labor. It was disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedule, a sharp contrast to the varying seasonal work pattern of the rural economy. Industrial workers, too, experienced a fundamental change in their relationship with their employers. Unlike rural landlords and local aristocrats, factory owners and managers-the new class of industrial capitalists, many of them accumulating unprecedented wealth-were usually remote and inaccessible figures. They dealt with their workers impersonally, and the result was a growing division between the two classes-each lacking access to or an understanding of the other. Working men and women throughout the globe began thinking of themselves as a distinct class with common goals and interests. And their efforts simultaneously to adjust to their new way of life and to resist its most damaging aspects sometimes created great social turbulence. Battles between workers and employers became a characteristic feature of industrial life throughout the world.
According to paragraph 3, factory workers who had previously worked on farms found it difficult to adjust to
Factual Information Questions事实信息题
Aseasonal variations in the pattern of factory work
Bthe rigid schedules
Cthe fact that they were no longer working alongside friends and neighbors
Dthe constant presence of factory managers inspecting their work
9
In fewer than a hundred years, the global process of industrialization utterly transformed Great Britain, most of continental Europe, Japan, and the United States. [■] Its social and economic consequences were complex and profound, and they continue today to shape the nature of global society. [■]The emergence of modern industrialism was already well underway in many parts of the world by the end of the eighteenth century. [■]The Industrial Revolution was largely a product of rapid changes in Great Britain, which was the first nation to have significant industrial capacity. [■]The factory system took root there in the late eighteenth century and revolutionized the manufacture of cotton thread and cloth, one invention following another in quick succession. Water, wind, and animal power continued to be important in the textile industry. But more important was the emergence of steam power, which began to proliferate after the appearance of James Watt’s advanced steam engine in 1769. Cumbersome and inefficient by modern standards, Watt’s engine was nevertheless a major improvement over the earlier atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen. Britain’s textile industry quickly became the most profitable in the world, and it helped encourage comparable advances in other fields of manufacturing as well. Despite the efforts of the British government to prevent the export of industrial technology, knowledge of the new machines reached other nations quickly, usually through the emigration of people who had learned the technology in British factories.
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
Yet, while it spread globally, it originated in a single nation.Insert Text Questions句子插入题
Where would the sentence best fit？Click on a square sentence to the passage.
10
The emergence of modern industrialism was well underway in many parts of the world by the end of the eighteenth century.
Prose Summary Questions概要小结题
Select 3 answers
AIndustrialization began in Britain and proceeded rapidly after the appearance of Watt’s steam engine in 1769, revolutionizing first the textile industry and then other areas of manufacturing
BEmigrants from Britain rapidly spread the new technology, and substantial industrial capacity soon developed in America and Europe, and eventually Japan
CAs a result of industrialization, many rural workers fled to cities where their lives were so changed by factory work and urban living that they began to see themselves as a distinct class.
DBritish industry was able to grow rapidly in part because of its large supply of workers, but this situation encouraged skilled workers to migrate to countries that were less industrialized.
EIndustrialization occurred more rapidly in European countries that invested in large-scale railroad systems and in countries, such as Japan, whose economies depended heavily on trade.
FThe hundreds of thousands of new city workers brought varied experiences and ways of living from rural Britain, leading to tensions in the factories and a failure to recognize common interests
