Part3

Read the text and answer the questions below.

The Rise of Big Data

A

Big Data marks one of the most remarkable intellectual and technological shifts of the modern era. It does not simply refer to an enormous quantity of information, but rather to a completely new way of thinking about knowledge itself. Unlike the Internet, which connects people and enables communication, Big Data connects data to other data. It transforms scattered fragments of digital information into meaningful patterns, predictions, and insights. Today, nearly every human activity leaves a digital trace: text messages, online purchases, GPS movements, photos, voice commands, and even biometric signals. All of these pieces of information are stored, analyzed, and often combined with other data sources to create a detailed and dynamic picture of the world. Through this process, aspects of life that were once invisible, such as emotions, preferences, or social relationships, have become “datafied,” meaning that they can now be measured and studied quantitatively.

B

This transformation has profound implications for how we understand society. In the past, researchers relied on small samples, surveys, and questionnaires to draw conclusions about human behavior. These methods were slow, expensive, and often inaccurate. With Big Data, it is possible to analyze entire populations in real time. For example, Google can track the spread of influenza by monitoring search terms related to flu symptoms, providing results that are faster and sometimes more accurate than those collected by public health agencies. Similarly, credit card companies can detect fraud within seconds by comparing a transaction against millions of others to identify patterns that deviate from the norm. In the realm of urban planning, data from mobile phones and GPS devices can reveal how people move through cities, helping planners design more efficient transport systems.

C

However, the rise of Big Data also raises significant ethical and philosophical questions. One of the most pressing concerns is privacy. In a world where every action is recorded and stored, the concept of personal privacy becomes increasingly difficult to maintain. Data that seems anonymous can often be re‑identified when combined with other datasets. Researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to identify individuals from anonymized data using just a few data points, such as their age, gender, and zip code. This has led to fears of surveillance, manipulation, and discrimination. Companies and governments now possess more information about individuals than at any other time in history, and the potential for misuse is enormous.

D

Another concern is the issue of bias. Big Data is often assumed to be objective because it is based on numbers rather than human judgment. However, the data itself is shaped by human choices: what to collect, how to categorize it, and which questions to ask. If these choices reflect existing prejudices, the resulting analysis will simply reproduce those prejudices at a larger scale. For example, predictive policing algorithms that analyze crime data may reinforce racial profiling if the original data reflects biased policing practices. Similarly, hiring algorithms trained on historical data may discriminate against women or minorities if past hiring decisions were biased. The idea that data speaks for itself is a myth; data always speaks through the lens of those who collect and interpret it.

E

The rise of Big Data also challenges traditional notions of causality. For centuries, science has sought to understand the world by identifying cause‑and‑effect relationships. Big Data, by contrast, often focuses on correlation. It can tell us that two things are related, but not why. This shift from “why” to “what” has practical benefits. Businesses can use correlations to predict consumer behavior without understanding the underlying reasons. However, it also has limitations. Correlations can be spurious, leading to false conclusions. Without an understanding of causation, interventions based on correlations may fail or even backfire. The challenge for the future is to combine the power of Big Data with the rigor of traditional scientific methods.

F

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of Big Data are immense. In medicine, researchers are using data from electronic health records, genetic sequencing, and wearable devices to develop personalized treatments tailored to individual patients. In education, data from online learning platforms can help identify which teaching methods are most effective for different types of students. In environmental science, satellite data and sensor networks are improving our ability to monitor deforestation, track wildlife populations, and predict natural disasters. The list of applications grows longer every day.

G

Ultimately, the rise of Big Data represents a fundamental shift in how we understand and interact with the world. It offers unprecedented opportunities to solve complex problems, but it also demands that we think carefully about the values we want to preserve. Privacy, fairness, transparency, and accountability are not technical issues; they are social and political ones. As Big Data becomes ever more pervasive, the decisions we make today about how to collect, analyze, and use data will shape the world for generations to come. The future will belong not just to those who can harness the power of data, but to those who can do so wisely and ethically.

Questions 27‑31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27 What does the passage suggest is the main difference between the Internet and Big Data?

A The Internet is older and more established than Big Data.

B The Internet connects people, while Big Data connects data to other data.

C The Internet is used for communication, while Big Data is used for storage.

D The Internet is global, while Big Data is limited to specific applications.

28 According to the passage, what makes it possible to track the spread of influenza using Google?

A Surveys collected by public health agencies.

B Monitoring search terms related to flu symptoms.

C Analyzing GPS movements of infected individuals.

D Combining data from credit card transactions.

29 What concern about privacy is raised in the passage?

A Data that seems anonymous can often be re‑identified.

B Governments have stopped collecting personal information.

C Companies no longer store data about individuals.

D Privacy laws have made data analysis impossible.

30 Why does the passage argue that Big Data is not necessarily objective?

A Because numbers are always unreliable.

B Because human choices shape what data is collected and how it is interpreted.

C Because computers make frequent errors in analysis.

D Because statistical methods are inherently biased.

31 What limitation of focusing on correlation rather than causation is mentioned?

A Correlations are always accurate and reliable.

B Correlations can be spurious and lead to false conclusions.

C Correlations are too difficult for computers to calculate.

D Correlations require understanding of underlying reasons.

Questions 32‑36

Complete the summary.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

Big Data has transformed how we understand society by allowing researchers to analyze entire 32__________ in real time, rather than relying on small samples.

Credit card companies use Big Data to detect 33__________ within seconds by comparing transactions against millions of others.

In urban planning, data from mobile phones and GPS devices helps planners design more efficient 34__________ systems.

However, concerns about privacy arise because data that seems anonymous can often be 35__________ when combined with other datasets.

Another issue is that algorithms trained on historical data may reproduce existing 36__________, such as racial profiling in policing or discrimination in hiring.